Korean Grammar Conjugation in Present Tense: A/V-아/어요

One of the most important steps in learning Korean is understanding Korean present tense conjugation.

If you want to say “I eat,” “I study Korean,” “It’s cold,” or “I’m happy,” you need to know how Korean verbs and adjectives change in everyday conversation.

The most useful beginner pattern is A/V-아/어요, also known as the polite 해요 style.

For example:

먹다 → 먹어요 — to eat → eat

🔊 Listen: 먹어요

가다 → 가요 — to go → go

🔊 Listen: 가요

공부하다 → 공부해요 — to study → study

🔊 Listen: 공부해요

Unlike English, Korean verbs do not change according to whether the subject is “I,” “you,” or “they.” Instead, Korean verb endings express meanings such as tense, speech style, and the speaker’s relationship with the listener.

In this lesson, you’ll learn how to form the Korean present tense using -아요, -어요, and -해요, understand common spelling changes, and practice the expressions in real-life conversations.

Level: Beginner–Lower Intermediate (A1–A2)

Study time: Approximately 20–25 minutes

What you’ll learn: Polite present-tense conjugation, basic vowel rules, 하다 verbs, irregular verbs, common mistakes, everyday conversations, and practice exercises.


Table of Contents

1. What Is the Korean Present Tense A/V-아/어요?

In Korean grammar, A/V means the pattern can be used with both:

  • A (Adjectives): Descriptive predicates such as 춥다 (to be cold) and 예쁘다 (to be pretty)
  • V (Verbs): Action verbs such as 먹다 (to eat) and 가다 (to go)

The ending -아/어요 is widely used in everyday polite conversation.

It belongs to the 해요체 (haeyo style), which is polite without being as formal as the -ㅂ니다/습니다 style.

Basic Korean Present-Tense Examples

저는 밥을 먹어요.

“I eat rice.” / “I’m eating a meal.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 밥을 먹어요.

저는 한국어를 공부해요.

“I study Korean.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 한국어를 공부해요.

오늘 날씨가 추워요.

“It’s cold today.”

🔊 Listen: 오늘 날씨가 추워요.

이 영화는 재미있어요.

“This movie is interesting.”

🔊 Listen: 이 영화는 재미있어요.

Does -아/어요 Always Mean the Present?

Not exactly.

Depending on the context, -아/어요 can express:

  • A general habit: 매일 운동해요. — I exercise every day.
  • A current situation: 지금 바빠요. — I’m busy now.
  • An action happening now: 지금 밥 먹어요. — I’m eating now.
  • A scheduled or planned future action: 내일 학교에 가요. — I’m going to school tomorrow.

🔊 Listen: 매일 운동해요.

🔊 Listen: 지금 바빠요.

🔊 Listen: 지금 밥 먹어요.

🔊 Listen: 내일 학교에 가요.

Important: Korean does not require a separate present-progressive form every time English uses “am/is/are + -ing.” The progressive pattern -고 있어요 is available when you want to emphasize that an action is in progress.


2. Rule 1: Verb Stems with ㅏ or ㅗ → -아요

To conjugate a Korean verb, first remove -다 from its dictionary form.

Then look at the final vowel in the remaining stem.

If the final stem vowel is ㅏ or ㅗ, use the -아요 pattern.

Conjugation Table: -아요

Dictionary formMeaningPresent tense
가다To go가요
자다To sleep자요
알다To know알아요
앉다To sit앉아요
오다To come와요
보다To see/watch봐요
만나다To meet만나요
찾다To look for찾아요
좋다To be good좋아요

Listen to Each Conjugation

🔊 Listen: 가요

🔊 Listen: 자요

🔊 Listen: 알아요

🔊 Listen: 앉아요

🔊 Listen: 와요

🔊 Listen: 봐요

🔊 Listen: 만나요

🔊 Listen: 찾아요

🔊 Listen: 좋아요

Why 가다 Becomes 가요

Start with:

가다 → 가

The stem already ends in ㅏ. When -아요 is attached, the repeated vowel contracts in the written form:

가 + 아요 → 가요

Another example:

자다 → 자요

You don’t write 가아요 or 자아요 as the ordinary standard conjugated forms.

Why 오다 Becomes 와요

The verb 오다 changes like this:

오 + 아요 → 와요

Similarly:

보 + 아요 → 봐요

The combination ㅗ + ㅏ → ㅘ explains these forms.

Practice with Complete Sentences

저는 매일 학교에 가요.

“I go to school every day.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 매일 학교에 가요.

친구가 집에 와요.

“My friend comes to my house.”

🔊 Listen: 친구가 집에 와요.

저는 영화를 봐요.

“I watch movies.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 영화를 봐요.

친구를 만나요.

“I meet my friend.”

🔊 Listen: 친구를 만나요.

These examples follow the first basic rule.


3. Rule 2: Other Stem Vowels → -어요

If the final stem vowel is not ㅏ or ㅗ, regular verbs generally use the -어요 pattern.

The spelling may change when the stem vowel combines with the ending.

Conjugation Table: -어요

Dictionary formMeaningPresent tense
먹다To eat먹어요
읽다To read읽어요
배우다To learn배워요
쓰다To write/use써요
켜다To turn on켜요
마시다To drink마셔요
보내다To send보내요
꺼내다To take out꺼내요
기다리다To wait기다려요
만들다To make만들어요

Listen to Each Conjugation

🔊 Listen: 먹어요

🔊 Listen: 읽어요

🔊 Listen: 배워요

🔊 Listen: 써요

🔊 Listen: 켜요

🔊 Listen: 마셔요

🔊 Listen: 보내요

🔊 Listen: 꺼내요

🔊 Listen: 기다려요

🔊 Listen: 만들어요

Why 배우다 Becomes 배워요

The stem 배우- ends in the vowel ㅜ.

When combined with -어요:

배우 + 어요 → 배워요

The combination ㅜ + ㅓ → ㅝ creates the contracted form.

Another example:

주다 → 줘요

🔊 Listen: 줘요

Why 마시다 Becomes 마셔요

The stem 마시- ends in ㅣ.

When combined with -어요:

마시 + 어요 → 마셔요

The combination ㅣ + ㅓ → ㅕ explains the spelling change.

The same pattern appears in:

기다리다 → 기다려요

🔊 Listen: 기다려요

Why 보내다 Becomes 보내요

The stem 보내- ends in ㅐ.

The ordinary written conjugation is:

보내다 → 보내요

The stem vowel is already present in the final syllable, so you do not add another visible 어.

Practice with Complete Sentences

저는 아침에 빵을 먹어요.

“I eat bread in the morning.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 아침에 빵을 먹어요.

한국어를 배워요.

“I learn Korean.”

🔊 Listen: 한국어를 배워요.

물을 마셔요.

“I drink water.”

🔊 Listen: 물을 마셔요.

친구에게 메시지를 보내요.

“I send a message to my friend.”

🔊 Listen: 친구에게 메시지를 보내요.


4. Rule 3: 하다 Verbs → -해요

Many Korean verbs end in 하다, meaning “to do.”

These verbs follow a simple, highly useful conjugation pattern:

하다 → 해요

This comes from the contraction of 하여요 into 해요.

Common 하다 Verb Conjugations

Dictionary formMeaningPresent tense
공부하다To study공부해요
좋아하다To like좋아해요
싫어하다To dislike싫어해요
운동하다To exercise운동해요
일하다To work일해요
전화하다To call전화해요
숙제하다To do homework숙제해요
요리하다To cook요리해요
청소하다To clean청소해요

Listen to the 하다 Verbs

🔊 Listen: 공부해요

🔊 Listen: 좋아해요

🔊 Listen: 싫어해요

🔊 Listen: 운동해요

🔊 Listen: 일해요

🔊 Listen: 전화해요

🔊 Listen: 숙제해요

🔊 Listen: 요리해요

🔊 Listen: 청소해요

Important Difference: 좋아해요 vs. 싫어해요

These words have opposite meanings.

좋아해요 — Like

🔊 Listen: 좋아해요

싫어해요 — Dislike

🔊 Listen: 싫어해요

For example:

저는 한국 음식을 좋아해요.

“I like Korean food.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 한국 음식을 좋아해요.

저는 매운 음식을 싫어해요.

“I dislike spicy food.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 매운 음식을 싫어해요.

More Everyday Sentences

저는 한국어를 공부해요.

“I study Korean.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 한국어를 공부해요.

아버지는 회사에서 일해요.

“My father works at an office/company.”

🔊 Listen: 아버지는 회사에서 일해요.

주말마다 요리해요.

“I cook every weekend.”

🔊 Listen: 주말마다 요리해요.

저녁에 운동해요.

“I exercise in the evening.”

🔊 Listen: 저녁에 운동해요.


5. Common Korean Present Tense Irregular Verbs

Not all verbs follow the basic vowel rules without a stem change.

Some Korean verbs are called irregular verbs because their stems change when combined with certain endings.

You don’t need to master every irregular pattern immediately, but recognizing the most common ones will help you avoid mistakes.

ㅡ Vowel Drop: 쓰다, 바쁘다

When a stem ends in ㅡ, the ㅡ often drops before -아/어요.

쓰다 → 써요

“To write/use → write/use”

🔊 Listen: 써요

바쁘다 → 바빠요

“To be busy → am/is busy”

🔊 Listen: 바빠요

For stems with more than one syllable, the vowel in the preceding syllable helps determine whether 아 or 어 is used.

Compare:

  • 바쁘다 → 바빠요
  • 예쁘다 → 예뻐요
  • 쓰다 → 써요

🔊 Listen: 예뻐요

ㄷ Irregular: 듣다 → 들어요

Some verbs with a final ㄷ change ㄷ to ㄹ before a vowel-starting ending.

듣다 → 들어요

“To listen → listen”

🔊 Listen: 들어요

Example:

음악을 들어요.

“I listen to music.”

🔊 Listen: 음악을 들어요.

Not all ㄷ-ending verbs change this way.

For example:

받다 → 받아요 (to receive)

🔊 Listen: 받아요

ㅂ Irregular: 춥다 → 추워요

Some descriptive verbs with a final ㅂ change when followed by a vowel-starting ending.

춥다 → 추워요

“To be cold → it’s cold”

🔊 Listen: 추워요

덥다 → 더워요

“To be hot → it’s hot”

🔊 Listen: 더워요

고맙다 → 고마워요

“To be thankful → thank you”

🔊 Listen: 고마워요

But not every verb ending in ㅂ is irregular.

For example:

입다 → 입어요 (to wear)

🔊 Listen: 입어요

르 Irregular: 모르다 → 몰라요

Some verbs ending in 르 add an extra ㄹ to the preceding syllable as the vowel changes.

모르다 → 몰라요

“Not to know → don’t know”

🔊 Listen: 몰라요

빠르다 → 빨라요

“To be fast → is fast”

🔊 Listen: 빨라요

Example:

저는 잘 몰라요.

“I don’t really know.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 잘 몰라요.

Other Common Irregular Forms

Dictionary formMeaningPresent tense
걷다To walk걸어요
돕다To help도와요
어렵다To be difficult어려워요
부르다To call/sing불러요
낫다To get better나아요
그렇다To be so / that way그래요

🔊 Listen: 걸어요

🔊 Listen: 도와요

🔊 Listen: 어려워요

🔊 Listen: 불러요

🔊 Listen: 나아요

🔊 Listen: 그래요

These forms are common enough to learn as complete words rather than trying to memorize every irregular rule at once.


6. How to Make Negative Sentences in the Korean Present Tense

Once you can make a basic present-tense sentence, you can also learn to say what you don’t do.

One common method is to place 안 before the verb or descriptive predicate.

Using 안 for Negation

저는 커피를 마셔요.

“I drink coffee.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 커피를 마셔요.

저는 커피를 안 마셔요.

“I don’t drink coffee.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 커피를 안 마셔요.

Another example:

오늘 바빠요.

“I’m busy today.”

🔊 Listen: 오늘 바빠요.

오늘 안 바빠요.

“I’m not busy today.”

🔊 Listen: 오늘 안 바빠요.

With many noun + 하다 verbs, 안 normally appears between the noun and 하다.

For example:

공부해요 → 공부 안 해요

“I study → I don’t study.”

🔊 Listen: 공부 안 해요

Using -지 않아요

Another common negative pattern is:

Verb/adjective stem + 지 않아요

Examples:

먹지 않아요.

“I don’t eat.”

🔊 Listen: 먹지 않아요.

가지 않아요.

“I don’t go.”

🔊 Listen: 가지 않아요.

공부하지 않아요.

“I don’t study.”

🔊 Listen: 공부하지 않아요.

Both 안 and -지 않아요 are common, but the exact choice can depend on the expression, style, and context.

Beginner tip: Learn positive sentences first. Then practice converting them into negative sentences.


7. Present Tense vs. Past and Future Tense

The present-tense pattern -아/어요 forms the foundation for understanding other Korean tenses.

Present Tense

먹어요.

“I eat.” / “I’m eating.”

🔊 Listen: 먹어요.

Past Tense

먹었어요.

“I ate.”

🔊 Listen: 먹었어요.

The past-tense ending adds 았/었 before the polite 요 ending.

Future or Intended Action

먹을 거예요.

“I’m going to eat.” / “I will eat.”

🔊 Listen: 먹을 거예요.

This is one common way to talk about a future or intended action.

Tense Comparison Table

Dictionary formPresentPastFuture / intention
가다가요갔어요갈 거예요
먹다먹어요먹었어요먹을 거예요
보다봐요봤어요볼 거예요
공부하다공부해요공부했어요공부할 거예요
마시다마셔요마셨어요마실 거예요

🔊 Listen: 가요. 갔어요. 갈 거예요.

🔊 Listen: 공부해요. 공부했어요. 공부할 거예요.

Important: A present-form sentence can refer to a planned future event when the time expression makes the intended meaning clear, but learning explicit tense patterns helps you communicate more precisely.


8. Real-Life Korean Present Tense Conversations

Now let’s use the conjugated forms in everyday situations.

Conversation 1: Talking About Korean Study

A: 요즘 뭐 공부해요?

“What are you studying these days?”

🔊 Listen: 요즘 뭐 공부해요?

B: 한국어를 공부해요.

“I study Korean.”

🔊 Listen: 한국어를 공부해요.

A: 한국어 공부가 재미있어요?

“Is studying Korean interesting?”

🔊 Listen: 한국어 공부가 재미있어요?

B: 네, 재미있어요!

“Yes, it’s fun!”

🔊 Listen: 네, 재미있어요!

Conversation 2: Talking About Daily Routines

A: 아침에 뭐 해요?

“What do you do in the morning?”

🔊 Listen: 아침에 뭐 해요?

B: 일찍 일어나요. 그리고 운동해요.

“I get up early. Then I exercise.”

🔊 Listen: 일찍 일어나요. 그리고 운동해요.

A: 아침을 먹어요?

“Do you eat breakfast?”

🔊 Listen: 아침을 먹어요?

B: 네, 매일 먹어요.

“Yes, I eat breakfast every day.”

🔊 Listen: 네, 매일 먹어요.

Conversation 3: Ordering at a Café

Staff: 뭐 드세요?

“What would you like?”

🔊 Listen: 뭐 드세요?

Customer: 아이스 아메리카노 마셔요.

“I drink iced Americanos.”

🔊 Listen: 아이스 아메리카노 마셔요.

Staff: 오늘도 아이스 아메리카노 드세요?

“Would you like an iced Americano today as well?”

🔊 Listen: 오늘도 아이스 아메리카노 드세요?

Customer: 네, 한 잔 주세요.

“Yes, one cup, please.”

🔊 Listen: 네, 한 잔 주세요.

Language note: In an actual ordering situation, a request such as 아이스 아메리카노 한 잔 주세요 sounds more natural than using 마셔요 by itself to place an order. The present tense describes habits or actions; 주세요 makes the request.

Conversation 4: Talking About the Weather

A: 오늘 날씨가 어때요?

“How’s the weather today?”

🔊 Listen: 오늘 날씨가 어때요?

B: 조금 추워요.

“It’s a little cold.”

🔊 Listen: 조금 추워요.

A: 내일은요?

“What about tomorrow?”

🔊 Listen: 내일은요?

B: 내일은 따뜻해요.

“It’s warm tomorrow.”

🔊 Listen: 내일은 따뜻해요.


9. Common Mistakes in Korean Present Tense Conjugation

Mistake 1: Keeping 다 in a Conjugated Sentence

Incorrect:

저는 한국어를 공부하다.

For a normal polite conversation, say:

저는 한국어를 공부해요.

🔊 Listen: 저는 한국어를 공부해요.

The dictionary form ending -다 is not the everyday polite present-tense ending.

Mistake 2: Choosing the Wrong Ending After ㅏ or ㅗ

Incorrect:

가어요

Correct:

가요

🔊 Listen: 가요

The stem 가- combines with the -아요 pattern and contracts to 가요.

Mistake 3: Forgetting 하다 → 해요

Incorrect:

공부하어요

Correct:

공부해요

🔊 Listen: 공부해요

하다 becomes 해요 in this speech style.

Mistake 4: Ignoring Irregular Verbs

Incorrect:

듣어요

Correct:

들어요

🔊 Listen: 들어요

듣다 is a ㄷ-irregular verb when the ending begins with a vowel.

Mistake 5: Using an Incorrect Translation

일어나요 is the everyday polite present form of 일어나다, meaning “get up” or “wake up.”

🔊 Listen: 일어나요

It does not mean “Please wake up.”

To ask someone politely to wake up or get up, say:

일어나세요.

🔊 Listen: 일어나세요

Mistake 6: Assuming 해요 Style and Honorific Grammar Are Identical

The ending -아요/어요 makes the sentence polite toward the listener.

But the honorific marker -(으)시- can additionally show respect toward the person being described.

Compare:

선생님이 와요.

“The teacher comes.”

🔊 Listen: 선생님이 와요.

선생님이 오세요.

“The teacher comes.” (with subject honorific)

🔊 Listen: 선생님이 오세요.

Both end in polite-style forms, but the second also includes a subject honorific.


10. Korean Present Tense Practice Quiz

Choose the correct present-tense form.

Question 1

What is the correct everyday polite present form of 가다?

A. 가어요

B. 가요

C. 갔어요

Question 2

What is the correct form of 먹다?

A. 먹아요

B. 먹해요

C. 먹어요

Question 3

How do you conjugate 공부하다?

A. 공부해요

B. 공부하요

C. 공부아요

Question 4

Which form means “I listen” or “I am listening” in the everyday polite style?

A. 듣어요

B. 들어요

C. 들었어요

Question 5

What is the correct conjugation of 배우다?

A. 배우어요

B. 배와요

C. 배워요

Question 6

Which is the correct present form of 춥다?

A. 춥어요

B. 추워요

C. 추아요

Question 7

Which sentence means “I don’t study” in everyday polite Korean?

A. 저는 공부 안 해요.

B. 저는 공부했어요.

C. 저는 공부할 거예요.

Question 8

What is the correct present form of 모르다?

A. 모르어요

B. 몰라요

C. 모라요

Answer Key

1. B — 가요

가다 has a ㅏ-ending stem. The ordinary conjugated form contracts to 가요.

2. C — 먹어요

먹다 has the consonant-ending stem 먹-, which takes -어요.

3. A — 공부해요

하다 changes to 해요.

4. B — 들어요

듣다 changes ㄷ to ㄹ before the vowel-starting ending.

5. C — 배워요

The vowels ㅜ and ㅓ combine as ㅝ.

6. B — 추워요

춥다 follows the ㅂ-irregular pattern.

7. A — 저는 공부 안 해요.

This is a natural negative present-tense sentence.

8. B — 몰라요

모르다 follows the 르-irregular pattern.

Speaking Challenge: Create Your Own Sentences

Fill in the blanks with the correct present-tense form.

  1. 저는 학교에 ______. (가다)
  2. 저는 커피를 ______. (마시다)
  3. 저는 한국어를 ______. (공부하다)
  4. 오늘 날씨가 ______. (춥다)
  5. 저는 음악을 ______. (듣다)

Answers:

  1. 가요
  2. 마셔요
  3. 공부해요
  4. 추워요
  5. 들어요

Practice the complete sentences:

🔊 Listen: 저는 학교에 가요.

🔊 Listen: 저는 커피를 마셔요.

🔊 Listen: 저는 한국어를 공부해요.

🔊 Listen: 오늘 날씨가 추워요.

🔊 Listen: 저는 음악을 들어요.


11. Frequently Asked Questions About Korean Present Tense

What does A/V-아/어요 mean?

It is an everyday polite Korean ending used with action verbs and descriptive predicates. In many contexts, it expresses present actions, habits, or states.

What’s the difference between -아요, -어요, and -해요?

The form depends on the stem.

  • Stems with final vowel ㅏ or ㅗ generally follow -아요.
  • Other regular vowel patterns generally follow -어요.
  • 하다 verbs change to 해요.

Some verbs also have irregular stem changes.

Is -아요/어요 formal Korean?

It is polite but relatively conversational. The -ㅂ니다/습니다 style is more formal.

Do Korean verbs change according to the subject?

Korean verbs do not use English-style person agreement such as “I eat” versus “she eats.” Instead, conjugation reflects grammatical meaning and speech style.

Can I use present-tense Korean for future events?

Yes. With suitable context or time expressions, a present-form sentence can describe a scheduled or planned future event.

For example:

내일 학교에 가요.

“I’m going to school tomorrow.”

🔊 Listen: 내일 학교에 가요.

Why is 듣다 conjugated as 들어요?

듣다 follows a ㄷ-irregular pattern, changing ㄷ to ㄹ before the vowel-starting ending.

How can I practice Korean present tense more effectively?

Start with ten common verbs, practice the correct conjugated forms aloud, and then use each one in a complete sentence about your daily routine.


Final Review: Master Korean Present Tense A/V-아/어요

You’ve learned how Korean present tense conjugation works in everyday polite conversation.

Remember the three main patterns:

PatternExample
ㅏ / ㅗ → -아요가다 → 가요
Other vowels → -어요먹다 → 먹어요
하다 → -해요공부하다 → 공부해요

You also learned that some verbs have irregular changes, such as:

  • 듣다 → 들어요
  • 춥다 → 추워요
  • 모르다 → 몰라요

Final Speaking Practice

Read these sentences aloud.

저는 매일 한국어를 공부해요.

“I study Korean every day.”

🔊 Listen: 저는 매일 한국어를 공부해요.

저녁에 친구를 만나요.

“I meet my friend in the evening.”

🔊 Listen: 저녁에 친구를 만나요.

오늘은 집에서 쉬어요.

“I rest at home today.”

🔊 Listen: 오늘은 집에서 쉬어요.

한국어는 재미있어요.

“Korean is interesting.”

🔊 Listen: 한국어는 재미있어요.

Continue Learning Korean with HYUZ

Now that you understand everyday Korean present-tense endings, you can study more advanced sentence patterns and use them in real conversations.

Learn how to make shared suggestions with V-(으)ㅂ시다:

How to Say Let’s in Korean – V-(으)ㅂ시다 Grammar

Practice expressing wishes and hopes with -았/었으면 좋겠다:

Korean Grammar: How to Express Wishes and Hopes

Review everyday phrases for ordering food, asking for directions, and communicating while traveling:

Basic Korean Expressions for Travel and Everyday Situations

Your next challenge: Write five sentences about what you do every day, using a different verb in each sentence. Then read them aloud and compare your pronunciation with the audio examples above.